https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/fq.2003.56.3.25

https://www.jstor.org/page-scan-delivery/get-page-scan/10.1525/fq.2003.56.3.25/0

In the late 1920s, European expatriates in Hollywood made a number of independent experimental films influenced by avant-garde cultural movements. But these were preceded by three short experimental films made in 1920 by an American, Dudley Murphy, of which one, Soul of the Cypress, survives. Influenced by California Pictorialist photography of the preceding decades, it was in its own day recognized as an avant-garde film, but nevertheless it secured successful commercial distribution. The surviving print of the film, however, was drastically framed by the later addition of a pornographic coda that radically transformed its erotic theme and its social function.

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